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Full-length SARS-CoV S (GenBank: AY278741.1) and SARS-CoV-2 S, E, M, and N (GenBank: NC_045512.2) genes were synthesized by Genscript Inc (USA) as human codon-optimized cDNAs, and inserted into pcDNA3.1 expression vectors
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through diet, while non-essential amino acids, although extremely important for health, can be synthesized in the body and are therefore not classified as essential. They are presented in free form, that is, they are ready to be absorbed and used by the body (they do not need to be digested)
Reduced glutathione is involved in the synthesis and repair of DNA, and enhances the antioxidant activity of vitamin C, transport of amino acids, and detoxification of harmful compounds
The antioxidant enzyme activity of nanomaterials is influenced by factors including size, morphology, surface modification, and composition (185)