38 HuynhC.EsquerH.WarrenE.McEloryP
Many agents with mood-stabilizing properties, such as lithium, valproate, and atypical antipsychotics, directly and indirectly modulate the PI3K, GSK-3, and Wnt signaling pathways, the very same ones implicated in genetic studies of bipolar disorder (267, 268)
However, to maximize their shelf life and ensure consistent results, proper storage and reconstitution methods must be followed
Alanine aminotransferase, also known as glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and aspartate aminotransferase, also known as glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), are abundantly present in the liver and often serve as markers for liver toxicity
Stomach acid and intestinal enzymes break it down before meaningful quantities reach systemic circulation