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Moreover, we also observed the accumulation of kynurenine (Kyn), which is a product of tryptophan catabolism (Aune and Pogue 1989) and regulator of the PPP (Fabregat et al

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This process releases stored iron into the cytosol, increasing susceptibility to ferroptosis ( In the context of IPF, elevated pulmonary iron levels and altered expression of iron-handling proteins have been observed in patient lungs, particularly in fibrotic regions ( Together, these findings underscore aberrant ion metabolism, notably excessive import, ferritin degradation, and impaired export, as a key initiator of ferroptosis in IPF and related fibrotic lung diseases

Redox Biol, 2014

W.AppelH.OzawaM.ZhengS.KimJ.et al (2023)