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The toxicity of cadmium is characterized by a reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH), binding of sulfhydryl groups with proteins, and stimulation of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals (source: National Center For Biotechnology Information)

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Significant traffic is moving to disposable flavored e-cigarettes

adults used e-cigarettes in 2017, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with growth in use by adolescents especially rapid: Almost 27.5% of high school students used e-cigarettes in 2019

Available from: Sharma A, Garg S, Singh MM, Deshmukh C, Mishra A, Singh V, et al