We previously showed that oral intake of long-term oscillating glucose (LOsG, 4 times/day for 38 days) can lead to -cells gaining metabolic memory in reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress, inhibition of insulin and SOD-2 expression, and the development of prediabetes with hypoinsulinemia and glucose intolerance [3]
Although there is a dearth of bioavailability data for many of the peptide nasal sprays, a study showed that direct intratracheal instillation of a lyophilized powder at high concentrations could achieve reasonable levels of systemic absorption [13]
If the ingredient list doesn't mention phospholipids or a liposomal blend, it is likely a standard formulation with lower absorption potential
Allen MD, Luong P, Hudson C, Leyton J, Delage B, Ghazaly E, Cutts R, Yuan M, Syed N, Lo Nigro C, et al
Take enough Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline to eliminate a racetam-induced headache