PMC Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [49].OConnor RA, Li X, Blumerman S
The oxidative stress-inducible cystine/glutamate antiporter, system x (c) (-) : Cystine supplier and beyond
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mTOR pathway modulation Nitric oxide system interaction (NOS pathway) Growth hormone receptor upregulation VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS axis activation (angiogenesis, vascular stability) Src-caveolin-1-eNOS pathway (antioxidant, HO-1 induction) ERK1/2 signaling pathway (proliferation, migration, vascular tube formation) Anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization (M1M2 shift, TNF-/IL-6/IFN- reduction) Neuromodulation (stabilizes acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA) Research Findings Preclinical research into gastrointestinal healing represents the most extensively studied application area