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E-cigarette Dependence Measures in Dual Users: Reliability and Relations with Dependence Criteria and E-Cigarette Cessation

A meta-analysis using linear mixed-effects models

Respondents were first asked, Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life? If a respondent answered yes, he or she was then asked, Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days or not at all? We used the responses to these two questions to classify respondents into three groups: nonsmokers (those who answer no to the first question or not at all to the second question), nondaily current smokers (those who answer some days to the second question), and daily current smokers (those who answer every day to the second question)