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Powerful Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Actions : Research shows that GHK-Cu reduces inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF- while enhancing antioxidant enzyme expression, including superoxide dismutase and catalase

It was found in a hyperuricemic kidney injury study found that modulating M1 macrophages dampened the inflammatory response (17)

*Correspondence: Predrag Sikiric, [email protected]

For GHK-Cu, the MS must match the expected theoretical weight of Copper Tripeptide-1 (approximately 340.38 g/mol before accounting for copper binding ratios)

This interaction affects proton leakage, improves mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhances ADP/ATP transformation efficiency, leading to an antipyretic effect (Shen et al., 2024)