By participating in NLRP3 and NF-kB related signalling pathways, empagliflozin, a new hypoglycaemic drug that can improve the prognosis of CVDs, can attenuate ferroptosis, fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation in doxorubicin-treated mice and significantly improve cardiac function, thereby opening up a new avenue for the treatment of doxorubicin-related cardiotoxicity [150, 151]
Moreover, activated microglia phagocytose astrocytic end-feet, lead to the loss of astrocyte-vascular connections and subsequent BBB disruption [83, 84]
Hydrates and smooths skin for a luminous glow
The same study also found a median lethal dose above 5,000 mg/kg, prompting the authors to conclude that bitter leaf is safe for human consumption (Isa et al., 2014)
How is BPC-157 administered in research settings