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2, the NADPH homeostasis is mainly regulated by several metabolic pathways and enzymes including NAD kinase (NADK), the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism, malic enzymes (ME), the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), cytosolic or mitochondrial NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2), the glutamine metabolism, and the fatty acid oxidation (FAO)

In addition, insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to signal through ERs in various tissues [77]

For instance, systemic morphine inhibited both the early and late phases of the formalin-induced licking response, and this activity was naloxone-sensitive

10.1079/bjn19920054 Br J Nutr

Your liver detoxifies substances in two phases