Antioxidants neutralise free radicals, due to which dark spots and uneven tone appear on the skin
Unless an athlete has an approved Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE), the use of substances when they are prohibited in sport may lead to an anti-doping rule violation and sanction
Notably, while high doses of SFN can exhibit cytotoxic effects [66, 67], low doses of SFN consistently demonstrate protective effects, especially in combination with cellular insults that increase oxidative stress [66, 68, 69]
Collectively, these findings support the interactions of GHK and GHK-Cu complexes with mammalian models as research tools for studying redox regulation, peptide-mediated antioxidant signaling, and oxidative stress modulation
Additionally, Clostridium sporogenes upregulate colonic IL-22 and promote Foxp3 + Treg proliferation via metabolites (indole-3-propionic acid, etc.) in a non-butyrate-dependent manner (108)