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Upon subsequent re-exposure, the elicitation phase occurs, during which Langerhans cells present the allergen to the memory T cells, thus releasing inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-, TNF, interleukin 17 (IL-17), and interleukin 22 (IL-22), which may vary across the specific trigger [5, 9, 38]

Activating gene expression in mammalian cells with promoter-targeted duplex RNAs

These postbiotic metabolites function in several ways to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppress the growth of pathogens, which help maintain a healthy microbiome

Urolithin A, a gut-derived metabolite of ellagic acid that activates mitophagy (the selective removal of damaged mitochondria), pairs logically with MOTS-c because the two address different aspects of mitochondrial health