Succinate is a product of myeloid and lymphoid cells, but the succinate receptor GPR91 is selectively expressed on monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and dendritic cells (6971)
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To further explore this citrate method Bally et al., studied the effect of proton gradient by replacing the intraliposomal solution to HEPES buffer pH (7.0) from 300 mm citrate buffer (pH 4.0), keeping the internal pH undisturbed
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While the primary endpoint (cerebral glucose metabolism) was not met, these findings suggest injectable GLP-1s may be more effective than oral formulations