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Because B12 is water-soluble, your body uses what it needs and passes most of the excess, and there is no established upper intake limit because harmful effects from high intake have not been well documented
These target genes encompass a wide range of antioxidant enzymes and GSH synthesis-related genes, including the key System Xc component SLC7A11
Similar content being viewed by others Log in or create a free account to read this content Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com or Abbreviations As 2 O 3 : arsenic trioxide ROS: reactive oxygen species H 2 O 2 : hydrogen peroxide BSO: L-buthionine-sulfoximine GSH: glutathione L-PAM: melphalan SCID: severe combined immunodeficient CDDP: cis -diaminodichloro-platinum DOX: doxorubicin NAC: N -acetyl-L-cysteine DTT: dithiothreitol SOD: superoxide dismutase carboxy-PTIO: 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide LLC: Lewis lung carcinoma WST-8: 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt CM-H 2 DCFDA: 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate DTNB: 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid GPX: GSH peroxidase GST: GSH- S -transferase TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nucleotide nick-end labeling References Segawa T, Takebayashi H, Kakehi Y, Yoshida O, Narumiya S and Kakizuka A (1998) Prostate-specific amplification of expanded polyglutamine expression: a novel approach for cancer gene therapy
