The supply pathway involves the export of GSH from astrocytes via the multidrugresistance protein 1 (Mrp1), extracellular processing of GSH by astrocytic glutamyl transpeptidase (GT) to the dipeptide cysteinylglycine (CysGly) and hydrolysis of this dipeptide by neuronal aminopeptidase N (ApN) to cysteine (Cys) and glycine (Gly)
Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Nitrofurantoin
However, as NAC regiment was intensified in severe IPTB (using intravenous NAC boluses), it remains to be determined whether the observed differences are due to the severity of IPTB itself or to treatment intensity
Lee, J.S
3.3.3 GPX4-independent ferroptosis pathways In addition to GPX4-dependent antioxidant system in ferroptosis, so far there are alternative identified ferroptosis pathways, including ferroptosis suppressor protein 1(FSP1)/coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10) (Mao et al., 2021), GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1)/ tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) (Kraft et al., 2020), 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) (Cao et al., 2025), and phospholipid modifying enzymes MBOAT1/2 (Li et al., 2023)