It has been suggested that oxidative stress might worsen the complications of diabetes,[] whereas antioxidants may alleviate and impede mechanisms that cause diabetes at an early stage.[] L-carnitine is an amino acid-based substance that has an important role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids through the internal mitochondrial membrane.[ , , ] In tissues such as skeletal muscle and heart, which use fatty acids as the main fuel, it can be seen in high concentrations.[] Additionally, as literature suggests, in individuals with diabetes, plasma L-carnitine concentrations are low.[] In addition, abnormal metabolism of carnitine has been reported in individuals with diabetes, and the higher prevalence of carnitine deficiency in muscle tissues of PAD patients has also been observed.[ , , ] Carnitine deficiency has been shown to correlate with cardiomyopathy.[] Therefore, decreased carnitine levels may impair myocardial function.[ , ] It has been suggested that L-carnitine, especially with its antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects, may be able to reduce atherosclerotic lesions.[ , ] Moreover, oxidation of lipids accelerates the formation of free radicals, thus carnitine may prevent oxidative stress by inhibiting the peroxidation of membranes fatty acids.[] So, due to limited amounts of L-carnitine, fatty acids cannot enter the mitochondria to oxidize and produce ATP
Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
GHK-Cu also restores antioxidant defenses by upregulating Nrf2 expression, which is crucial for combating oxidative damage in COPD 7
Additionally, iron plays a critical role as a cofactor in the biosynthesis of lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are central to the generation of ROS during ferroptosis (Zou et al., 2020)
