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All animal studies were performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, national regulations, and the ARRIVE guidelines ( Osteoarthritis was induced in six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice through destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery

Monitor symptoms and any skin reactions weekly initially, then monthly

Co-treatment with Spirulina platensis aqueous extract (SPAE) led to a dose-dependent reduction in Keap1 expression, with the 800 mg/kg dose showing the most pronounced effect (0.80 0.05), significantly lower than both the DEX and SPAE 400 mg/kg groups (1.20 0.07)