"Arginate" refers to the arginine salt form that wraps around those fifteen amino acids, shielding them from enzymatic breakdown, improving their solubility, and dramatically increasing how much of the peptide actually reaches systemic circulation when taken orally
Interestingly, non-depressed individuals exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines present with depressive-like behaviors, or sickness behaviors, characterized by anhedonia, increased pain sensitivity, and somnolence [79]
Because of the hypothesised abnormalities in oxidative stress and suggested links between initial inflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction/loss [25], our additional interest was in, GSH, glutamate and glutamine, and total choline as biomarkers of these processes
There is not a universal answer
Urinary or plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA), a substance produced in the body thats dependent on B12, is also helpful for detecting early stages of B12 deficiency