Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a primary leading cause of death with limited treatment options, accounting for more than 3 million deaths worldwide annually ( ENDS include vape pens, hookah pens, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs), which transport noncombustible vaporized nicotine products to the lungs ( in vitro ( in vivo ( As the primary risk factor for COPD, cigarette smoking is widely used to study the pathogenesis of COPD in various animal models ( Scnn1b) ( Materials and methods Animals and genotyping Male and female ENaC were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (congenic C57BL/6J background, Stock No
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Smoking reduces oxygen supply in the body, often leaving the skin pale, greyish, or uneven in tone
Interactions between nicotine and drugs of abuse: a review of preclinical findings
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