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Introduction Cysteine, a sulfhydryl-containing proteinogenic amino acid essential for the human body, is employed in a variety of metabolic pathways, such as the regulation of reduced glutathione (GSH), a major endogenous antioxidant molecule and the generation of sulfur-containing biomolecules such as hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), taurine, coenzyme A and biotin ( Figure 1 ) ( Figure 1 Cysteine metabolism in cancer and tumor microenvironment It is increasingly noted that altered levels of amino acids including cysteine in the tumor microenvironment, by uptake or processing of both intracellular and extracellular regions, have emerged as potential markers of tumor progression
How should ethical frameworks evolve to address patient consent, algorithmic decision making,and microbiome modulation risks
Viral peptides with structural homology to islet autoantigens (e.g., GAD65) are processed and presented by HLA class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells [6, 7, 71,72,73]
