Day and Julian S
Collectively, exposure to cigarette smoke exerts profound effects on endothelial function, inflammation, and thrombosis, contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases
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do not chew or break it up, as this can reduce its effectiveness
A Cochrane systematic review found that smoking cessation was associated with a 36% reduction in the risk of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with established CVD (Critchley & Capewell, Reference Critchley and Capewell2004) whilst a large individual patient meta-analysis of data from the Consortium on Health and Ageing Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES) consortium (Mons et al., Reference Mons, Muezzinler, Gellert, Schottker, Abnet and Bobak2015) demonstrated that smoking cessation reduces smoking related cardiovascular risk continuously over time
