Mechanically, pre-clinical evidence highlights VNS as a multifaceted therapy for IBS, including reducing inflammation via 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated suppression of TNF-, alleviating visceral hypersensitivity, increasing colorectal distension thresholds, enhancing motility through M3 receptor activation and gastric emptying, restoring gut microbiota diversity via elevating bifidobacterium abundance and short-chain fatty acids, and improving intestinal barrier integrity
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Marks JL, Hofstetter W, Correa AM, Mehran RJ, Rice D, Roth J, Walsh G, Vaporciyan A, Erasmus J, Chang J, Maru D, Lee JH, Lee J, Ajani JA, Swisher SG
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The peptide works systemically through the bloodstream once injected, affecting fat cells throughout the body