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22,23 Another explanation of the increased incidence of substance-abuse among patients with schizophrenia is the self-medication hypothesis

Psychiatry 13 , 804055 (2022)

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Eicosanoids such as 15-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (15 HETE) and 6-keto Prostaglandin PGF1, PGF2, and PGF2 are decreased by nicotine on the rectal mucosa but not the caecal mucosa

Preventive Measures to Protect Gut Health While smoking and alcohol consumption can severely impact digestive health, there are steps you can take to minimize the damage and improve gut health