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Three variables describe smoking before the age of 31 years: regular smoking (no/yes), pack years, and pack years divided into three categories (non-smokers, smokers with a history of 10 or fewer pack years, and smokers with over 10 pack years)
Research suggests that removing nicotine does not eliminate respiratory risks
As one of the first states to raise the tobacco purchase age to 21, Oregon still experienced a nearly 80% increase in youth e-cigarette use from 2017 to 2019
The quality assessment in the ROBINS-E tool is presented as low, some concerns, high, and sometimes very high risk of bias 9 , The BIOCROSS tools include ten items, and the score could be between 0 to 210 for each item