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Conclusion This review provides the most extensive global synthesis of cigarette butt contamination to date, compiling data from 130 peer-reviewed studies and 2,723 records collected across aquatic and urban environments of 55 countries between 2013 and 2024

Families living with smokers are especially vulnerable, facing prolonged exposure to these harmful chemicals

In the US, the total economic cost of smoking is more than $300 billion per year

Beyond this, tobacco and tobacco smoke can contain a variety of carcinogens including lead, arsenic, and cadmium

A lung cancer-specific miRNA PCR array screen was performed to identify RASSF1C target miRNA-coding genes using RNA isolated from the lung cancer cell line H1299 stably over-expressing RASSF1C and corresponding control