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Many young adults are using e-cigarettes that contain high levels and a large volume of nicotine, which are linked to greater nicotine dependence and lower likelihood of intentions to quit vaping

It also slows the healing process, complicating recovery from liver-related illnesses or surgeries

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We cannot determine whether e-cigarette use preceded or followed the development of hypertension, nor can we exclude the possibility that individuals who switched to e-cigarettes were systematically healthier or more health-conscious than those who continued smoking, introducing selection bias