All have been known for their chain-smoking
6 Vitamin D deficiency can be caused by insufficient nutritional intake of vitamin D, increased catabolism of vitamin D, inefficient production in the skin, or inadequate sun exposure
According to experts, smokers often have lower levels of vitamin C because its used up quickly from increased demand and reduced vitamin C absorption by your digestive system
Guo (2012) The relation between metallicity, stellar mass and star formation in galaxies: an analysis of observational and model data
Therefore, in addition to exposure doses that tend to mimic the real-life conditions of e-cigarette use, unrealistically high doses can also be used without being fundamentally objectionable if the ultimate goal is to demonstrate dose-dependent effects that are very helpful in terms of elucidating mechanistic aspects of the toxicological process, even though such doses would neither be applicable nor would make sense in in vivo studies, and thus require special attention when interpreting the results