In patients with Addisonian Pernicious Anemia, parenteral therapy with vitamin B12 is the recommended method of treatment and will be required for the remainder of the patients life
The proportion of the dose metabolised by this pathway increases in overdose and, potentially, in the presence of other pathological/physiological states [13, 18,19,20]
In addition, IGF induces the expression of the cystine/glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11), which promotes the uptake of cystine to counteract oxidation [64]
While OPA1 and Mfn1 & 2 are involved in mitochondrial fusion, Drp1 mediates mitochondrial fission in mammals, where the role of mitochondrial fission 1 protein (Fis1) (a fission protein in yeast) is still not confirmed [72]
This creates feed-forward cycles that exacerbate cuproptosis: mtROS oxidize cytosolic GSH, releasing bound Cu, and may upregulate the copper importer CTR1 via pathways such as NF-B, increasing copper influx [65]