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Additionally, consuming foods high in antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts, can indirectly enhance glutathione levels

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These properties help to keep tissues and their functions in better condition by protecting macromolecules (e.g., proteins, fats, DNA) from oxidation [139,140]

Reduced glutathione levels can lead to increased oxidative stress and impaired detoxification, while decreased methylation can lead to a range of health issues, including mood disorders, cognitive dysfunction, and cancer

According to our experience (68), GC linked to Hp infection was accompanied by a 2-3 fold higher CagA seropositivity in GC than in age-matched non-GC Hp positive controls, indicating that out of several tested parameters (CagA, plasma gastrin, IL-8, gastric acid secretion), the CagA seropoositivity appears to be one of the best discriminative parameters between GC and controls as determined by multivariable analysis with logical regression and that this parameter might be a useful marker of gastric carcinogenesis (68) ( Fig